Combat Sports in the Ancient World General Aspects of...

Following Poliakoff’s introduction to the ancient combat sports, he proceeds to provide a basic outline to the world of ancient combat sports in a series of sections within the chapter, including: The definition of a ‘combat sport’ and its relation to recreation and training; similarities amongst combat sports, training methods and common practise; the premise of athletic festivals, and the organization of said competition. The first area that Poliakoff studies is ‘General aspects of the ancient combat sports’ is the definition of a combat sport, which he splits into two explanations. Firstly, the idea of sport or athletics, Poliakoff believes, is an â€Å"activity in which a person physically competes against another in contest with†¦show more content†¦Combat sports and warfare for spectators are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and the opinions of the difference between them are variable on the opinion of the spectator or competitor. Furthermore, Guttmann suggests that â€Å"Poliakoff’s stipulation that the criteria for determining victory in sports must be â€Å"different from those that mark success in everyday life†...one can nevertheless assert that the rules...were sufficiently different from the rules of war...to allow us to distinguish the two forms of combat.† Combat sports in the modern world benefit much greater from this definition, considering the rules of modern warfare don’t hold much for hand-to-hand combat nor fencing or other forms thereof. However, a modern equivalent can possibly be found in Poliakoff’s reasoning in the difference between a martial art and a combat sport, where the move from sparring into competition distanced martial arts from their combat-oriented origins. 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The Arctic Circle Lies At The Northernmost Point Of The Earth

Greenland and Finland The Arctic Circle lies at the northernmost point of the Earth. Several countries have areas that are within the Arctic Circle. Those countries are Canada, United States of America, Russia, Greenland, Finland, Norway, Iceland, and Sweden. For decades this cold and snowy part of the word was a mystery to those outside of it. Within the last decade many television reality shows have brought the reality of this cold region of the world into clear focus for those of us that have never experienced it. Television shows such as â€Å"Deadliest Catch†, â€Å"Ice Road Truckers†, etc. Even though many of these countries share many similarities they also can be starkly different. Two countries within the Arctic Circle that†¦show more content†¦Greenland is comprised of 836,330 square miles of surface area. This is three times the size of Texas (Clark, 1943). The northwestern section of Finland is located on the Scandinavian Peninsula, while the reminder of the co untry lies in Europe. Finland only has a surface area of 130,559 square miles (â€Å"Finland in facts, 2016†). The area of Greenland is nearly six and a half times greater than that of Finland. With Greenland being three times the state of Texas, comparatively Kentucky is six and a half times smaller than Texas. The vastness of Greenland dwarfs the land mass of Finland. Another noteworthy lithospheric difference between the two countries lies in the tectonic differences. Greenland is located on a single tectonic plate with no fault lines within its borders. Therefore, Greenland has no volcanic activity whatsoever. Moreover, there is no evidence that it has had volcanic activity in millions of years. With this low amount of volcanic activity, Greenland possesses some of the most ancient rocks on the planet. These rocks have been left undisturbed, because of the lack of volcanic activity. With no fault lines Greenland should not be effected by earthquakes, however glacial earthquakes are quite powerful. These glacial earthquakes have been attributed to the effects of global warming on the glacial ice that sits atop the majority of Greenland’s surface. With the calving of the ice creating a gigaton, or a

Diploma of Counselling

Question: Discuss about the Diploma of Counselling. Answer: As a clinical psychologist, I conduct intake diagnostic interviews of the clients who present with their psychological problems. Assuming myself as a client, I can experience their feelings when they inform about their social history. While informing my family life, I will be quite comfortable to inform about my nuclear family and the relationship that I share with my parents and siblings. Although this is an easy step for me, it might not be so easy for the clients who do not open up easily and do not wish to talk about their family life. When asked about my extended family, I will take some time to think and pass over the necessary information. During my process of thinking, I will have to judge my relationship status that I share with my extended family and this process may include the careless actions like tapping my foot or playing with my hair (Nakash and Saguy 2015). If I try to hide something from the clinician, I will try to avoid making eye contact with him and act nervous (Nakash and Alegra 2013). Since I am a person with a large friend circle, I will be happy to give out the relevant information about my friends and will be quite excited while recalling the memories of good times or may get depressed while speaking of the bad memories. Social modelling has been a gradual change that occurred over the time and took place in entire Australia. I live in a nuclear family in Perth, but I can well remember the days of my childhood when my parents used to leave for work and me with my siblings used to enjoy the company of our grandparents owing to the nearness of my extended family. It was a popular method of childcare in those days and we used to be influenced by their stories and life experiences. Extended families had the advantage of sharing of responsibilities that has changed over time and formal childcare systems are now in place for most of the nuclear families (Klocker and Gibson 2013). As a kid, I was an avid follower and fan of sports and I used to regard the athletes as role models. I used to follow the sports activities and even went for live matches to the stadiums. However, with my growth and maturity, I was disappointed with the transgressions of the athletes for a period. Although I cannot rule out those influences of my role models as a kid but certainly, I can be aware of those influences from the point of view of a counsellor. Many of the athletes from different games used to influence me and I used to consider them as role models. Their aggression for victory and their precision in performance always made me dream to be an aspiring athlete and lead their life of glory. With the passing time, I realized they are artists with flaws as I discovered few of my favourite athletes charged under doping scandal (Grunseit et al. 2012). Although it was like a dream getting shattered but that identified the counsellor in me and made me realize what is acceptable and what is not. Sports are for enjoying the performance and not for admiring the life of an athlete. However, the modelling influences have an impact my everyday life as they taught me the aggression for victory and perseverance under pressure. References Grunseit, A.C., Macniven, R., Orr, R., Grassmayr, M., Kelly, B., Davies, D., Colagiuri, S. and Bauman, A.E. 2012, "Australian athletes' health behaviours and perceptions of role modelling and marketing of unhealthy products",Health Promotion Journal of Australia: Official Journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals,vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 63-69. Klocker, N. and Gibson, C. 2013, "Looking inwards: Extended family living as an urban consolidation alternative",Planning Theory Practice,vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 555. Nakash, O. and Alegra, M. 2013, "Examination of the Role of Implicit Clinical Judgments During the Mental Health Intake",Qualitative Health Research,vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 645-654. Nakash, O. and Saguy, T. 2015, "Social Identities of Clients and Therapists During the Mental Health Intake Predict Diagnostic Accuracy",Social Psychological and Personality Science,vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 710-717.

Research Proposal on Tax Evasion Essay Example

Research Proposal on Tax Evasion Essay Tax evasion is the activity which is practised by companies and individuals and is characterized with the evasion of paying taxes with the help of different means. Taxes are considered to be a very important and essential factor which maintains the existence of the state. Individuals, small firms, big companies and great international corporations have to pay taxes to support the life of the country and all its spheres. For example, education, health care, salaries, grants, the work of the police, fire brigades, the work of the power stations which provide people with energy and water – everything depends on taxes. From its side, the state provides people with the possibility to work, live, enjoy themselves, use the advantages of the civilization, live in peace and security. As a reward for these opportunities the state requires taxes. Taxes appeared already at the dawn of the human civilization when the first countries appeared. The monarchs provided their people with security and demanded payment for it in the form of taxes. Today many people and organizations try to evade taxes with the help of the illegal means to save more money for themselves. The most common method to evade taxes is to reduce the real profit of an individual or the whole company, because the sum of the tax depends directly on the profit of the company (the higher the profit, the higher the tax). Tax evasion is considered to be a serious crime and it is punished severely. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Tax Evasion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Tax Evasion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Tax Evasion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Taxes play an important role for the development of a company, so if rich companies which work in the developing countries and report dishonestly low taxes, the process of economic grow will be extremely low, because there will be no finance supply into the local and national budget. If a student expects to prepare a successful research proposal, he should devote much time to the research of the topic and only then he can try to investigate the other points of the topic and suggest writing his own research paper on it. Before that, one should succeed in research proposal writing and prepare an interesting, informative and thought-provoking paper which will persuade the professor that the problem is worth researching. Every student often faces troubles while writing a research proposal, because the process requires special rules and standards. A free sample research proposal on tax evasion found in the Internet is quite a good piece of writing assistance, because it is written by an expert. Due to the experience and knowledge of the professional writers and their free sample research proposals on tax evasion one can learn how to format the paper well and how to organize it in the convincing manner. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Tax Evasion topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

Life and Work of Leonora Carrington, Activist and Artist

Life and Work of Leonora Carrington, Activist and Artist Leonora Carrington (April 6, 1917–May 25, 2011) was an English artist, novelist, and activist. She was part of the Surrealist movement of the 1930s and, after moving to Mexico City as an adult, became a founding member of Mexicos women’s liberation movement. Fast Facts: Leonora Carrington Known For: Surrealist artist and writerBorn: April 6, 1917 in Clayton Green, Clayton-le-Woods, United KingdomDied: May 25, 2011 in Mexico City, MexicoSpouse(s): Renato Leduc, Emericko WeiszChildren: Gabriel Weisz, Pablo WeiszNotable Quote: I didnt have time to be anyones muse... I was too busy rebelling against my family and learning to be an artist. Early Life Leonora Carrington was born in 1917 in Clayton Green, Chorley, Lancashire, England, to an Irish mother married to a wealthy Irish textile manufacturer. In a family of four children, she was the only daughter, alongside her three brothers. Although she was educated by excellent governesses and sent to good schools, she was expelled from two different schools for rebellious misbehavior. Eventually, Carrington was sent abroad to Florence, Italy, where she studied at Mrs. Penroses Academy of Art. When Carrington was ten, she first encountered Surrealist art in a gallery in Paris, which cemented her desire to pursue a career as an artist. Her father strongly disapproved, but her mother supported her. Although she was presented at court when she came of age, Carrington was mostly disinterested in the niceties of society. Newcomer to the Art World In 1935, Carrington attended the Chelsea School of Art in London for one year, but she then transferred to London’s Ozenfant Academy of Fine Arts (established by the French modernist Amà ©dà ©e Ozenfant), where she spent the next three years studying her craft. Her family was not openly opposed to her artistic pursuits, but by this point, they were not actively encouraging her either. Carringtons greatest champion and patron at this time was Edward James, the noted Surrealist poet and art patron. James bought many of her early paintings. Years later, he still supported her work, and he arranged a show for her work at  Pierre Matisses New York gallery in 1947. Relationship With Max Ernst At an exhibition in London in 1936, Carrington encountered the work of Max Ernst, a German-born Surrealist who was 26 years her senior. Ernst and Carrington met at a London party the following year and quickly became inseparable, both artistically and romantically. When they moved to Paris together, Ernst left his wife and moved in with Carrington, making a home in the south of France. Together, they supported each other’s art and even made works of art, such as quirky animal sculptures, to decorate their shared home. It was during this period that Carrington painted her first clearly Surrealist work, Self-portrait  (also called  The Inn of the Dawn Horse). Carrington depicted herself in dreamy white clothes and with loose hair, with a prancing hyena in front of her a rocking horse flying around behind her. She also painted a portrait of Ernst in a similar style. When World War II began, Ernst (who was German) was immediately treated with hostility in France. He was soon arrested by French authorities as a hostile foreign national and was released only because of interventions of several well-connected French and American friends. Things only got worse when the Nazis invaded France; they arrested Ernst again and accused him of creating â€Å"degenerate† art. Ernst escaped and fled to America with the help of art patron Peggy Guggenheim- but he left Carrington behind. Ernst married Peggy Guggenheim in 1941, and although their marriage soon fell apart, he and Carrington never rekindled their relationship. Institutionalization and Escape Terrified and devastated, Carrington fled Paris and headed to Spain. Her mental and emotional state deteriorated, and ultimately her parents had Carrington institutionalized. Carrington was treated with electroshock therapy and strong drugs. Carrington later wrote about her horrific experiences in the mental institution, which also reportedly included assault, abuse, and unsanitary conditions, in a novel, Down Below. Eventually, Carrington was released to the care of a nurse and moved to Lisbon, Portugal. In Lisbon, Carrington escaped the nurse and sought sanctuary in the Mexican embassy. Renato Leduc, a Mexican ambassador and friend of Pablo Picasso, agreed to help get Carrington out of Europe. The pair entered a marriage of convenience so that her path would be smoother as a diplomat’s wife, and they were able to escape to Mexico. Aside from a few journeys north to the United States, Carrington would spend most of the rest of her life in Mexico. Art and Activism in Mexico Carrington and Leduc divorced quickly and quietly in 1943. Over the next couple of decades, Carrington spent time in New York City as well as in Mexico, interacting with the art world at large. Her work was unusual among the Surrealist community in that she did not use the works of Freud as a major influence. Instead, she utilized magical realism and the idea of alchemy, often drawing on her own life for inspiration and symbolism. Carrington also went against the grain with regards to the Surrealists’ approach to female sexuality: she painted as she experienced the world as a woman, rather than the male-gaze filtered depictions of many of her counterparts. In the 1970s, Leonora became a voice for the women’s liberation movement in Mexico City. She designed a poster, called Mujeres conciencia, for their movement. In many ways, her art tackled concepts of gender identity and feminism, making her an ideal fit to work with their cause. Her focus was psychological freedom, but her work was primarily towards political freedom for women (as a means to this ultimate goal); she also believed in creating cooperative efforts between the movements in North America and Mexico. While Carrington was living in Mexico, she met and married the Hungarian-born photographer Emerico Weisz. The couple had two sons: Gabriel and Pablo, the latter of whom followed in his mother’s footsteps as a Surrealist artist. Death and Legacy Carringtons husband Emerico Weisz died in 2007. She survived him by about four years. After a battle with pneumonia, Carrington died in Mexico City on May 25, 2011, aged 94. Her work continues to be shown at exhibitions across the world, from Mexico to New York to her native Britain. In 2013, Carringtons work had a major retrospective at the Irish Museum of Modern Art in Dublin, and in 2015, a Google Doodle commemorated what would have been her 98th birthday. By the time of her death, Leonora Carrington was one of the last-surviving Surrealist artists, and undoubtedly one of the most unique. Sources Aberth, Susan. Leonora Carrington: Surrealism, Alchemy and Art. Lund Humphries, 2010.Blumberg, Naomi. â€Å"Leonora Carrington: English-Born Mexican Painter and Sculptor.† Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonora-Carrington.â€Å"Leonora Carrington.† National Museum of Women in the Arts, https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/leonora-carrington.

Biography of Konrad Zuse, Inventor of Modern Computers

Biography of Konrad Zuse, Inventor of Modern Computers Konrad Zuse (June 22, 1910–December 18, 1995) earned the semi-official title of inventor of the modern computer for his series of automatic calculators, which he invented to help with his lengthy engineering calculations. Zuse  modestly dismissed the title, though, praising the inventions of his contemporaries and successors as being equally- if not more- important than his own. Fast Facts: Konrad Zuse Known For: Inventor of the first electronic, fully programmable digital computers, and a programming languageBorn: June 22, 1910 in Berlin-Wilmersdorf, GermanyParents: Emil Wilhelm Albert Zuse and Maria Crohn ZuseDied: December 18, 1995 in Hà ¼nfeld (near Fulda), GermanySpouse: Gisela Ruth BrandesChildren: Horst, Klaus Peter, Monika, Hannelore Birgit, and Friedrich Zuse Early Life Konrad Zuse was born on June 22, 1910, in Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Germany, and was the second of the two children of the Prussian civil servant and postal officer Emil Wilhelm Albert Zuse and his wife Maria Crohn Zuse. Konrads sister was named Lieselotte. He attended a series of grammar schools and briefly considered a career in art, but he eventually enrolled at the  Technical College (Technischen Hochschule) in Berlin-Charlottenburg, graduating with a degree in civil engineering in 1935. After graduation, he started work as a design engineer at the Henschel Flugzeugwerke (Henschel aircraft factory) in Berlin-Schà ¶nefeld. He resigned a year later after deciding to devote his life entirely to the construction of a computer, work that he pursued relentlessly between 1936 and 1964. The Z1 Calculator   One of the most difficult aspects of performing large calculations with slide rules or mechanical adding machines is keeping track of all the intermediate results and using them in their proper place during the later steps of the calculation. Zuse wanted to overcome that difficulty.  He realized that an automatic calculator would require three basic elements: a control, a memory, and a calculator for the arithmetic. Zuse made a mechanical calculator called the Z1 in 1936. This was the first binary computer. He used it to explore several groundbreaking technologies in calculator development: floating-point arithmetic, high-capacity memory, and modules or relays operating on the yes/no principle.   Electronic, Fully Programmable Digital Computers Zuses ideas were not fully implemented in the Z1  but they succeeded more with each Z prototype. Zuse completed the Z2,  the first fully functioning electro-mechanical computer in 1939,  and the Z3 in 1941. The Z3 used recycled materials donated by fellow university staff and students. It was the worlds first electronic, fully programmable digital computer based on a binary floating-point number and a  switching system. Zuse used old movie film to store his programs and data for the Z3 instead of paper tape or punched cards. Paper was in short supply in Germany during the war. According to The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse by Horst Zuse: In 1941, the Z3 contained almost all the features of a modern computer as defined by John von Neumann and his colleagues in 1946. The only exception was the ability to store the program in the memory together with the data. Konrad Zuse did not implement this feature in the Z3 because his 64-word memory was too small to support this mode of operation. Due to the fact that he wanted to calculate thousands of instructions in a meaningful order, he only used the memory to store values or numbers. The block structure of the Z3 is very similar to a modern computer. The Z3 consisted of separate units, such as a punch tape reader, control unit, floating-point arithmetic unit, and input/output devices.† Marriage and Family In 1945, Zuse married one of his employees, Gisela Ruth Brandes. They had five children: Horst, Klaus Peter, Monika, Hannelore Birgit, and Friedrich Zuse. The First Algorithmic Programming Language Zuse wrote the first algorithmic programming language in 1946. He called it Plankalkà ¼l and used it to program his computers. He wrote the worlds first chess-playing program using Plankalkà ¼l. The Plankalkà ¼l language included arrays and records and used a style of assignment- storing the value of an expression in a variable- in which the new value appears in the right column. An array is a collection of identically typed data items distinguished by their indices or subscripts,† such as  A[i,j,k], in which A is the array name and ​i, j, and k are the indices. Arrays are best when accessed in an unpredictable order. This is in contrast to lists, which are best when accessed sequentially. World War II Zuse was unable to convince the Nazi government to support his work for a computer based on electronic valves. The Germans thought they were close to winning the war and felt no need to support further research. The Z1 through Z3 models were shuttered, along with Zuse Apparatebau, the first computer company that Zuse formed in 1940. Zuse left for Zurich to finish his work on the Z4, which he smuggled from Germany in a military truck by hiding it in stables en route to Switzerland. He completed and installed the Z4 in the Applied Mathematics Division of Zurichs Federal Polytechnical Institute, where it remained in use until 1955.   The Z4 had a mechanical memory with a capacity of 1,024 words and several card readers. Zuse no longer had to use movie film to store programs since  he could now use punch cards. The Z4 had punches and various facilities to enable flexible programming, including address translation and conditional branching.   Zuse moved back to Germany in 1949 to form a second company called Zuse KG for the construction and marketing of his designs. Zuse rebuilt models of the Z3 in 1960 and the Z1 in 1984. Death and Legacy Konrad Zuse died on December 18, 1995, of a heart attack, in Hà ¼nfeld, Germany.  His innovations of fully working programmable calculators and a language to run it have established him as one of the innovators leading to the computing industry. Sources Dalakov, Georgi. Biography of Konrad Zuse. History of Computers.  1999.Zuse, Horst. Konrad Zuse- Biography. Konrad Zuse Homepage.  2013.Zuse, Konrad. The Computer, My Life. Trans. McKenna, Patricia and J. Andrew Ross. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

Batting Biofilms Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Batting Biofilms - Assignment Example If genes which are responsible for the formation of these adhering protein molecules are deleted the bacteria are unable to form biofilms. However, it is now proved that bacteria form biofilms after communicating with each other through signal molecules, for e.g. in P. aeruginosa the relevant signaling molecules are acylated homoserine lactones which each cell produces at a low level, when enough cells assemble the concentration of these compounds increases which in turn trigger the activation of certain genes, the mechanism is known as quorum sensing, which is critical for the formation of biofilms. Since biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa is responsible for causing cystic fibrosis pneumonia, i.e. they turn virulent (disease causing). algC gene is responsible to synthesize alginate, the gelatinous polymer that makes extracellular matrix. Thus, signaling molecules to control the genes that code for virulence. During stage 1 when the bacterial cells move or swim freely and arrange themselves in cluster in order to form a biofilm; Attack strategy is employed that coats the molecules and block or disrupt microbial arrangement or attachment. During stage 2- when the collected cells begin producing a gooey matrix; Attack strategy is employed which coat the surfaces with substances that interfere with the matrix production so that film is not formed. During stage 4- when chemical gradient arise and promote the coexistence of diverse species and metabolic states; Attack strategy is employed which delivers multiple antibiotics or disinfectants to undermine the varied survival strategies of biofilm cells. Microbiologists took a very long time to size up the microbes in the biofilm. Since the establishment of germ theory, in the late 19th century by Robert Koch, bacteria were envisioned as single cells that float or swim through some kind of watery